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High-Tech America - Space Stations
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High-Tech America - Space Stations (1995)(American MPC Research).iso
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1995-09-14
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Since the 1960Æs NASA planners have envisioned placing a permanently manned
laboratory in space. Early on it was decided to employ a shuttle to transport modular
station units into orbit which could be assembled into a large complex - the modules being
about 14 feet in diameter to fit in the shuttle bay. Studies on such modules led to the
development of ESAÆs Spacelab, a research facility carried in the shuttle payload bay.
In a 1984 State of the Union address, President Ronald Reagan proposed the construction
of space station Freedom, a facility intended for research in biology, materials processing,
and observation of Earth and the cosmos. Soon after, it was announced that the
European Space Agency (ESA) would participate in the project. Japan's National Space
Development Agency also joined in developing this international station.
Orbiting 250 miles above the Earth, Freedom was to consist of four main modules
attached to large solar arrays that would provide power. American modules were to be
lifted into space by shuttles, while the European module would be boosted by an Ariane
rocket. JapanÆs module was to be sent into orbit by a Japanese rocket similar to the H-2,
but an American shuttle could have been used for the same purpose.
FreedomÆs habitation module would house a kitchen, wash room, exercise room, and
medical office. This living area and one lab were to be from the USA. The Japanese
Experimental Module (JEM) was to be accompanied by an exposed facility where
experiments could be conducted outside in the vacuum of space. Columbus, the ESA
module, was to be used for scientific research in microgravity and life sciences.
The space station was to have four permanent residents, astronauts of different nations
free to work in any lab of the station. In the space station, the crew could work in shirt
sleeves while performing scientific experiments and manufacturing special metal alloys and
ceramics. Supplies could be brought up in U.S. shuttles or a European shuttle which
could dock with the station at regular intervals.
The total cost of constructing Freedom was estimated to be $19.4 billion, even after being
reduced in scope from earlier, more ambitious designs; it seemed likely that Congress
would eliminate the project entirely. Fortunately, when American and Russian leaders
agreed in 1993 to cooperate in creating an international space station employing the Mir
complex as a foundation, the Freedom design found a means to realization - in the guise of
the space station Alpha.